Sunday Nov 30

Dist & Bronx
relatives

------------

Matt's Notes

Once in a while Papa made a trip up to the Bronx to visit his relatives (sometimes catching a baseball game along the way) though I'm not yet sure who they were or where they lived. I am pretty sure that if he started his day at the "Dist," a.k.a. the "District," a.k.a. the Downtown Zionist Centre on St. Marks Place, he most likely took the 2nd Avenue IRT from 8th Street to 149th Street in the Bronx and transferred to another train there.



The more I think about "The Dist," the more it seems like the title or subject of a TV melodrama: a bunch of passionate twentysomethings from different places, all with different problems, priorities and professions, gather each night to work, flirt and find common cause at "The Dist." And here's the twist: It all takes place in the roaring 20's!



----------

I've been thinking, too, about Papa's Thanksgiving entry, and how, in looking around for something interesting to mention about Thanksgiving that year, I learned that 1924 was the first year of the Macy's Thanksgiving Day parade. It seems like there were so many seminal events that year: It was the first time a Presidential campaign played out on the radio, it was the year Adolph Hitler wrote Mein Kampf in prison, it was the year Jewish Labor got behind Zionism, the year of the Leopold and Loeb trial, the year J. Edgar Hoover became head of the FBI, the year the Washington Senators finally won the Series. I'm not a historian, but it looks like the modern era was a-birthing right in front of Papa's eyes. Does every year seem this important when examined closely? Would I have been as impressed with 1925 if Papa kept his diary that year?

Saturday Nov 15

Initiation of O.S.Z. members
at "Yavne" Camp
Bensonhurst

--------

"O.S.Z." stands for Order Sons of Zion (a.k.a. B'nai Zion) the oft-mentioned Zionist fraternal order to which Papa belonged, and the "'Yavne' Camp Bensonhurst" is one of its Brooklyn chapters.

As we've seen, B'nai Zion chapters often nicknamed themselves after legendary Jewish heroes and ancient landmarks in Palestine (like the Bar Cochba Camp and Kinereth Camp previously mentioned in Papa's diary). The city of "Yavne" appears in the Bible and, it seems, also became a seat of rabbinical scholarship and a holy place after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 A.D. (Nowadays its a modern city in Israel.)

Papa was Master of Ceremonies of his own Judaically-nicknamed camp, "The Maccabean," and in that capacity often participated in initiation ceremonies for other camps. I'm not yet sure where "Yavne" met, but I'll add the Bensonhurst neighborhood to the map of Where Papa's Been.

-------------

References for this post:

• Yavne at Wikipedia

Monday Nov 3

Home night.

I arranged with Mr. Snidert
to sell gowns to individuals
on a percentage basis.

---------------

Matt's Notes

It looks like Papa, like countless New Yorkers before and after him, figured it couldn't hurt to supplement his income with a little side business, and I imagine this was especially common among Papa's contemporaries in the garment industry. Labor laws had pretty much put and end to the days when full-blown garment manufacturing actually took place in the living rooms of tenement apartments, but Jewish New Yorkers (and other recent immigrants, of course) still took in plenty of sewing and washing and tailoring. I'm sure it was typical for people like Papa to work as sales reps, too.

I wonder whether the man he sold gowns for was his factory boss as well, or if he was a neighbor or acquaintance he'd met through friends or co-workers. I also wonder what his name really was. It looks like Papa wrote "Mr. Snidert," but I can't really tell:

Saturday Oct 18

[Note: Papa accidentally wrote his October 18th entry on the October 11th page of his diary. I've included thumbnails of both pages at right]

-------------

Obliged Jeans call to
go there, only to meet the
Phila. girl, who does not
appeal to me in the least,
and again to oblige Jean
I promised to take the
girl out Tuesday.

Later in the Eve, I met
two Bettys, Rosenberg
and Ehrlich, the first at
the Stoyjer S.C., a fine type
and the other at the Welcome
House, very naive and
charming, got both
phone numbers.

------------------

This entry feels a bit like it's missing a first paragraph. We know "Jean" is a cousin who does double duty as Papa's personal love counselor, but where's the "there" Papa goes at her behest? Perhaps his disappointment with "the Phila girl" (is this a girl from Philadelphia, or someone whose last name is Phila?) and his annoyance with Jean for arranging his date got him too keyed up to provide many details, as if he just wanted to get it over with when he set down to write about it.

The two women named "Betty," on the other hand, both earn adjectives Papa reserves for women he likes ("naive" usually means innocent or sweet, while "a fine type" means the marrying kind) and both warrant descriptions of the time and place he met them. The "Welcome House" was, I think, a Jewish settlement house on East 13th Street, and like many settlement houses offered a combination of residential and social services for the disenfranchised and also served as a gathering place for the civic-minded. Papa may have gravitated to the Welcome House, where he encountered Betty Rosenberg, because it focused on Hungarian immigrants, at least according to this record from a 1911 book called the "Handbook of Settlements" (excerpted below from Google Books):



I'm less clear on where Papa encountered Betty Ehrlich, but only because I can't make out his writing. It looks like he says he found her at the "Stoyjer S.C.", but while I'm pretty sure that "S.C." stands for "Social Club," I'm also pretty sure that Papa really didn't write "Stoyjer." Please drop a comment or note if you read it differently:



I should also note that Betty Ehrlich shares my wife's last name, though I don't think I'm about to discover that I'm somehow related to my wife or anything; Ehrlich is not a particularly unusual Jewish name and, in fact, my wife got it from her stepfather. Still, it gave me a jolt to see it in Papa's handwriting and triggered a momentary, science fiction daydream in which I discover some overlooked part of Papa's diary addressed specifically to me. As if, as 1924 entered the home stretch, Papa saw me in the distance and wrote down exactly what I needed to know.

--------------

Update: Aviva, one of our most loyal readers and contributors of well-researched comments, added a comment below that I don't want to go unnoticed:

I believe Papa wrote Stryjer, a benevolent club from the shtetl of Stryj. See URL http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/stryj2/str005.html

Strij, as it's spelled in Google maps, is about 100 miles northeast of Papa's home town of Sniatyn, and both towns are in what is now known as the Ukraine. It looks like, for whatever reason, Papa spent this evening hitting all of New York's hot spots for Austro-Hungarian Jews.

Tuesday Sept 30

2nd day
Visited Mr. Surduts home
this evening, and then
went to a meeting of the
C.I. Talmud Torah

Interesting but it tired
me out so.

-----------------

Matt's Notes

"2nd day" refers to the second day of Rosh Hashanah, a.k.a. the Jewish New Year, one of several major milestones clustered on the Jewish calendar in early fall. As I've noted over the past few days, Papa would have taken this holiday's focus on repentance, renewal and self-evaluation quite seriously, and today he demonstrates his religious state of mind by riding all the way out to Sea Breeze Avenue in Coney Island for Torah study.¹ (I expect he developed his connection to the Coney Island Talmud Torah during the summer, when he would frequently visit Coney Island with friends but take leave in the evenings to say Kaddish for his father in the Coney Island Synagogue.)

As we've also noted, these were the first High Holy Days Papa would observe since his father died back in May. His diary entries over the past few weeks have been either non-existent or cursory, indicating, I think, how emotionally overwhelmed he now feels, all his homesickness and unhappiness amplified, mixed together, adding up to a feeling too exhausting to put in words. Remember, too, that Papa's father was a Talmud Torah teacher himself, so Papa's presence in a Talmud Torah would have brought forth an additional torrent of memories and emotions, probably surprising in their intensity and timing. (I can't help but allow my personal experience to fuel this speculation; even eleven years after my own father's death I find myself ambushed by, flooded with, unexpected feelings at inopportune times). No wonder his trip to Coney Island tired him out.

-----------------

This entry contains the name of a person whose home Papa visited, but I can't quite read it. It looks like "Mr Surdut," but that doesn't seem right. Any thoughts?



-------------------

References:

1 - The 1919-1920 American Jewish Yearbook lists a Coney Island Talmud Torah on Sea Breeze Avenue. Subsequent editions of the Yearbook, including those covering 1924, cut their listings of local educational organizations way down, so I haven't yet confirmed that the Coney Island Talmud Torah still existed at that location in 1924. Still, it seems like safe bet. The Ocean Parkway stop on the Brighton Beach BMT line (which seems to have evolved into today's Q) was just a couple of blocks away.

Thursday Sept 18

A reception to Leibel
Tcubes a legendarie
figure of the old country

---------

Matt's Notes

Papa's schedule of banquets and Zionist meetings slowed down over the summer, but it looks like a new social season is starting to kick in. While the previous Spring did not, as he wished, "renew hopes" for better days -- in fact, it ushered in one of the most difficult periods of his life thus far -- perhaps a busy, purposeful Fall will help him to be happier.

------------

Meanwhile, this entry contains the name of the honoree at the reception Papa attended, but I absolutely can't read it. His first name is clearly Leibel, but what's his last? It's obviously Eastern European and I assume Papa has either spelled it correctly or transcribed it phonetically. It looks like "Tceiebes" or "Keubes," but I really can't tell. Any ideas?



------------

Update 10/18/07

Looks like Shiri at the Museum of Jewish Heritage has nailed it:

..here is my best guess for the "legendary figure"...Could the last name be Taubisz, possibly spelled without the z? I found a listing for a Leibel Taubisz who ran a newspaper that, among other things, printed the first songs of Nachum Sternheim, who later became pretty famous...

The name of the paper was the "Wachenblatt". More research is pending, but I think we have our man.

Monday Sept 8

Keren Haysod meeting
and Banquet for Eisig Roth

----------------

Matt's Notes

For those of you just joining us, Keren Hayesod is a Zionist fundraising organization well known to Jews in just about every part of the world except the United States. Though only about four years old in 1924, but it was already quite successful; Papa has written before of the tens of thousands of dollars it raised and the high-profile receptions it threw to publicize its efforts.

Interestingly, Papa often follows up his Keren Hayesod meetings with some sort of interesting social encounters, parties or banquets. Back in January, he followed a committee meeting with a "banquet at Garfeins in honor of Mr. Angrist," a prominent Zionist; a few days later he met an admired Rabbi named Davidel Horowitz after visiting the Keren Hayesod offices; and after another office visit he met the Yiddish drama critic Alexander Mukdoni.

Alas, I haven't found any information on Eisig Roth, the honoree at the banquet Papa refers to in this entry, but I expect he, Papa, and everyone else who attended consumed inadvisable quantities of schmaltz and maybe even bootleg slivovitz during the festivities. I suppose, as part of my research into what Papa's life was like in 1924, I owe it to myself to eat a load of herring and chopped liver and skirt steak and chase it down with a shot of slivovitz, but I think I need to clear my calendar for a few days first.

--------------------

Additional Notes

While I've posted the photos below previously, I think they're worth looking at again. All are labeled Keren Hayesod in the Library of Congress' image collection, and all depict the kinds of settlements in Palestine that Papa and his fellow Zionists worked to support in the 1920's. It's worth reminding ourselves how inspiring images like this would have been to Papa. Like many immigrant Jews of his era, he was chased out of his own country by anti-Semitism and experienced painful personal and emotional challenges as a result. The establishment of a Jewish homeland was a matter of survival to him, and he approached his participation in Zionist activities with a deeply spiritual, almost visceral urgency.

-----------



---------------



-------------



-----------



-------------

Image sources:

The Keren Hayesod. Agricultural colonies on Plain of Esdraelon. "The Emek." Ein Harod. The baby creche. A baby in a crib.: Library of Congress # LC-M32- 3220

The Keren Hayesod. Agricultural colonies on Plain of Esdraelon. "The Emek." Kafr Yeladim. Formerly "the childrens' colony.": Library of Congress # LC-M32- 3205

The Keren Hayesod. Agricultural colonies on Plain of Esdraelon. "The Emek." Ein Harod. Communal dining room: Library of Congress # LC-M32- 3217

The Keren Hayesod. Agricultural colonies on Plain of Esdraelon. "The Emek." Afouleh. One of the earlier colonies: Library of Congress # LC-M32- 3202

Monday July 21

I went this Eve. with a
struggling artist to help him
sell some pictures, I took
bought two myself, that
are now adorning my walls.

This is the first day when
I started to work again,
and I am happy about
it, I shall [be able to] pay out my
debts now.

-----------------------

Who was the anonymous "struggling artist" Papa assisted on this cool summer evening? A neighbor? An acquaintance from Zionist meetings? Papa had been visiting Coney Island a lot lately, so maybe he struck up a conversation with an artist who regularly showed on the Boardwalk, learned he lived on the Lower East Side, and promised to give him a hand some time. Or, more romantically, did Papa and his artist friend first meet at the Cafe Royale, gathering place for the Yiddish cognoscenti, and engage in a caffeinated conversation about the emerging "Hebrew" art movement in Palestine?

I'm also trying to imagine what kind of sales assistance Papa might have offered his friend. Did he help him lay out paintings on the sidewalk? Did Papa direct passers-by to his stand from down the block? Did he help guard his friend's booth at some kind of annual street fair or art fair? And, I wonder, what sort of art would a struggling artist, presumably Jewish, have pursued in the 1920's? What would Papa have purchased? A representation of the old country? Something more modern or experimental? Straight-up Judaica?

I don't pretend to know much about art of the 1920's, much less what was going on in the Jewish immigrant art community in New York, so I'll need to look into it more. (Please drop a comment or write if you think you can help narrow down the infinite possibilities.) Still, it's nice to see Papa treat himself to a couple of pictures now that he's returned to work after a three-week, forced vacation. More burdensome that the debts he ran up to support his family in the wake of his father's death has been his feeling that he doesn't truly belong anywhere -- he's an unnaturalized guest in America and, with his father gone, he can no longer think of Sniatyn as his home. Maybe his urge to decorate his apartment a little signals some small waning in his sense of dislocation.

Tuesday July 15

Went with Jack Z. to arrange
with a lawyer about the
camp credit union.

I am alarmed not having
received any call yet
about my naturalization.

----------------------------

Matt's Notes

"Jack Z." is, as we've noted before, the august Jack Zichlinsky, one of Papa's best friends and a brother in the Zionist fraternal organization Order Sons of Zion (B'nai Zion). Immigrants like Papa were used to getting a number of financial, medical and legal services through private, dues-supported organizations like B'nai Zion, which was already a burial society and a reseller of life insurance for its members. As an officer of his local chapter Papa was obviously responsible for organizing its credit union as well.

Though he's discussed B'nai Zion many times before, this entry has the first mention of Papa's naturalization status. According to The National Archives and Ancestry.com Web sites, naturalization would have been a two-step process for Papa: after living in the U.S. for at least two years, he would have filed a Declaration of Intention to naturalize (a.k.a. "First Papers") and after a waiting period of another three to five years he would have filed a Petition for Naturalization.

Ancestry.com's New York County Supreme Court Naturalization Petition Index shows that Papa probably filed his petition in June of 1920. He'd been waiting a while for his naturalization, but I wonder why he picked July 15th, 1924 to feel especially worried about it. Maybe Jack Z.'s own naturalization has just come through and he'd discussed it with Papa while they were out and about, or maybe naturalization chatter had increased in the local community, in the newspapers, or on the radio for some reason. The Johnson-Reed Act of 1924, a bill that imposed heavy immigration restrictions on Eastern Europeans (among other groups) had also become law couple of months earlier -- maybe Papa had just gotten around to worrying about it now since it happened around the time of his father's death. In any event, I have to look into this more.

-----------------------------

Additional References

• The Lower East Side Tenement Museum Web site has a good overview of immigration law.
• Wikipedia's entry on the Immigration Act of 1924
• HUGE VOTES FOR EXCLUSION; House 308 to 58, Senate 69 to 9, Pass Immigration Bill. (From the May 16th, 1924 New York Times.)

Tuesday May 6

Movie at Academy of Music

-------------------

Matt's Notes

As we've discussed before, the Academy of Music was a storied venue that had fallen on hard times by the time Papa went there to see movies.

Once the home of New York Opera, and therefore the very seat of Knickerbocker society, it's primacy came to an end at the hands of William H. Vanderbilt. Some time around 1880 Vanderbilt, who was considered nouveau riche by the standards of Knickerbocker society, was so incensed by the unavailability of boxes at the Academy that he simply decided to build his own opera house. Other like-minded millionaires jumped on board, and by May of 1883 their project, the old Metropolitan Opera House on 39th and Broadway, was in business.¹

The Academy, having remained on top for forty years since its 1849 opening, took another forty to expire from Vanderbilt's vengeful blow. Its popularity (and box seats) were gone by the late 1800's, and bit by bit it conceded to host lower-brow attractions like wrestling, musical theater, and, finally, movies. The wrecking ball ended its misery in 1926, when the Consolidated Gas Company knocked it down and built new corporate headquarters in its place (the Con Ed building still stands in the same spot at 14th and Irving).

Did Papa know the Academy had but two years of life remaining when he wrote the above entry? We can't be sure, but we do know he most certainly didn't see any of that week's first-run movies like Men, with Pola Negri, or Dorothy Vernon of Haddon Hall, with Mary Pickford. The Academy wasn't considered an important enough venue to make the New York Times listings, but it probably showed movies that had been hanging around town for a few weeks, like "The Thief of Bagdad," "America," "Three Weeks" or "Beau Brummel." (While searching the Times archive I did come across a couple of enjoyable feature stories about the sorry state of subtitle writing and Hollywood's lack of good scripts, complaints that persist today in movie journalism. Check them out if you're a movie fan.)

--------------------------

References

1 - As noted by Irving Kolodin in his History of the Metropolitan Opera 1883-1950:

Few of us today could imagine a society in which a mere whim could determine the existence of such a structure as the Metropolitan. Lilli Lehmann has recorded the circumstances in her memoirs, My Path through Life (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons; 1914): "As, on a particular evening, one of the millionairesses did not receive the box in which she intended to shine because another woman had anticipated her, the husband of the former [Vanderbilt] took prompt action and caused the Metropolitan Opera House to rise."

Thursday May 1

This is workers day, so
I am off resting.

In afternoon attended
game in Yankee Stadium
in Evening Zionist meeting
at Hotel Astor.

Sent home $5.00

Received letter from home
father still ill, but I am
at least relieved by getting
some news from home.

------------------

Matt's Notes

"Workers Day" refers to International Workers day or Labor Day, a holiday recognized around the world on May 1 and generally associated with the Haymarket Riot of 1886 and its tragic aftermath. (As you remember from your history lessons, the riot took place after Chicago union workers called a general strike in support of an eight-hour workday on May 1, 1886. Four days of mayhem followed. Several protesters died at the hands of the police, though events reached a tragic climax when a bomb exploded in Haymarket Square and killed at least seven police officers and four civilians. Several anarchists were falsely arrested, tried and executed for the bombing, sparking international outrage). Though the riot happened in Chicago, the United States never officially recognized May Day as a holiday, allegedly because its commemoration had quickly become associated with Socialist causes. Meanwhile, more conservative labor organizations had already prompted several states to declare the first Monday in September as Labor Day, and in 1887 Grover Cleveland decided to make it a national holiday.

Papa's union and employer obviously still recognized May Day as a workers' holiday in 1924; the New York Yankees, on the other hand, could only wish they had the day off, as they saw their long winning streak come to an end at the hands of the Washington Senators. Papa saw them strand runners on base all day in the course of the 3-2 loss at the Stadium, or, as the New York Times put it, "When a single or a fly meant a run or more, the Yankee hitsmiths struck out or popped out or rolled out in a manner agonizing."



It looks like the U.S. Postal Service was open that day as well, since, my sources tell me, post offices often served as banks through which immigrants would send money overseas (I can't be totally sure that Papa sent his $5.00 home through the post office since he had other options as well, but it's a safe bet). Having received an update from the old country and sent some money to his family, I expect Papa was able to concentrate on his Zionist meeting at the Astor with something like a clear head.



---------------

References:

• "1886 Haymarket Riot" at the Chicago Public Library Web site
• "The Legacy of Labor Day" by Richard Berman at SFGate.com
• May Day entry at Wikipedia
• The 1924 New York Yankees at baseball-almanac.com
• The 1924 Washington Senators at baseball-reference.com

--------------

Image sources:

• Yankee Stadium, 4/3/23. Library of Congress # LC-B2- 5958-11. No known restrictions on publication.
• Hotel Astor. Library of Congress call number HABS NY,31-NEYO,72-.

Saturday Apr 5

Attended circumcision of Clara's
baby at Hospital where he was
named Julius (Yiddish)

Afternoon I went rowing
with Jack Breitbart in Prospect
Park, the warmest day this
spring, it certainly was
refreshing.

I met and took home Miss
Schneiderman from South Bklyn

She is a nice girl and I made
a date with her for an outing
next Sunday at Palisades Park

She is refined but a quiet girl
well bred, and I expect to enjoy
a lot of her company next Sunday.

I have even been invited by
her parents to call often.

-------

Matt's Notes

Papa wrote his new nephew Julius' name in Yiddish in the third line of this entry. My wife, who knows about such things, thinks it says "Yussel," but in any event it looks like this:



Yesterday I wondered whether Clara's ten-day hospital stay after giving birth to Julius was unusual, but my mother thinks it was typical: "I believe women stayed in the hospital for ten days in those times. I have a distant memory of Nana telling me that her 'confinement' was ten days..." I'll keep trying to confirm this.

Meanwhile, the malaise to which Papa has been confined for the last couple of weeks appears to be lifting, aided by the 65-degree weather and his pal Jack Breitbart. I'm starting to like Jack because he always shows up when wholesome fun is in the offing; the other week he unexpectedly materialized with opera tickets in hand, and now he joins Papa for an invigorating row in Prospect Park (he's kind of like the Tony Roberts character in a Woody Allen movie). We can only assume Papa wore his straw boater for the occasion, to wit:



And here's a shot of the lake in Prospect Park between 1910 and 1920:


Image source: The Lower lake, Prospect Park, Brooklyn, N.Y. Library of Congress call # LC-D4-72148

Prospect Park is, of course, in Brooklyn, so Papa must have gone out there in preparation to meet "Miss Schneiderman from South Bklyn." I assume he was set up with her by Jack Breitbart, who introduced them, perhaps, by the Park's "Rustic Boathouse" before sauntering off:


Image source: Prospect Park Archives

Papa's description of Miss Schneiderman as "refined but quiet" may imply a slightly unfavorable comparison to the opinionated, vivacious Henriette (a.k.a. the "20th Century Girl") with whom he's been recently preoccupied, but at least he's lightening up a bit. Looks like he dropped her off at her parents' home in "South Brooklyn" (he must mean the Brighton Beach area, where he would later raise his family) and made a favorable impression on them, so stay tuned.

---------------

Additional References

For more historical images of Prospect Park, check out their well-organized archives at http://www.prospectpark.org/hist/archives.html.

Friday Apr 4

Visited Clara at hospital
and Max Breindel,

Max is really besides
a relative a good friend
He is not like some
others of the family

-----------------

Matt's Notes

As noted in a previous post, Max Breindel is the man who met Papa and his sitter Nettie at Ellis Island when they first arrived from the old country. Max also invited them to stay in his apartment, where they shared a bed with his children, sleeping head-by-toe, until they could find a place of their own. Papa always recalled this as a great, adventurous time in his life, and I think his kind words about Max reveal his ongoing gratitude. (Check out the Lower East Side Tenement Museum's tenement tour to get a better idea of what their living quarters must have been like.)

I don't know whom Papa refers to when he says "some others of the family" are not as good as Max, but it's about as harsh a statement as he ever makes. Perhaps he means his brother Isaac, the previous recipient of a disapproving nod for pressuring Papa from the old country for money. I also know his sisters Nettie and Clara didn't get along, so I wonder if Nettie earned a demerit for some kind of misbehavior or lack of interest while Clara was in hospital with her newborn son.

I'm also trying to figure out if it was unusual back then for an immigrant woman to stay in the hospital for so long after giving birth (it's been eight days now). Papa had expressed surprise at how early his nephew was born, so maybe there was some sort of medical complication. Then again, a week or more might have been a normal post-childbirth stay in 1924; as always, if anyone reading this knows a little more, please post a comment or send an e-mail.

Sunday Mar 9

The unexpected happened
Brother Friedman's wife
died suddenly, and it was
my sad duty as a brother
of one camp to attend the
funeral, which depressed
me.

I spent the evening at
Jack Zichlinsky's house

----------------

Matt's Notes

As noted earlier, Papa was an officer in a new chapter of the fraternal Order Sons of Zion (a.k.a. B'nai Zion) though this is the first time he referred to a fellow member as "Brother." Papa usually called his friends like Jack Zichlinsky (he of Sheepshead Bay) by name even if they were B'nai Zion members, so I wonder if Papa wasn't quite as close to Brother Freidman.

B'nai Zion functioned in part as a burial society (the rest of their charter included Zionist fund-raising, teaching Hebrew and providing life insurance) so maybe Papa went to Mrs. Freidman's funeral more out of official, "sad duty" than out of pure friendship. Jews require a minyan -- a group of ten or more men -- to say kaddish (the prayer for the dead) at a funeral. I expect B'nai Zion guaranteed such a quorum for the families of all its members, which may be the duty Papa refers to here.

Speaking of which, Papa noted the day before that he "found a message from Lemus" asking him to attend the funeral. This brings up a lot of little questions: How, exactly, did he find this note? Did Lemus slip it under Papa's door? Did he stick it in a mailbox? And who was Lemus? Was he an elected officer of Papa's B'nai Zion chapter charged with distributing notes under such circumstances? Was he the superintendent of Papa's building? Did people like Papa, who didn't have a phone at this time, typically communicate by dropping notes at their friends' and neighbors' apartments?

Must...learn...more...

Thursday Mar 6

Tried to see my lawyer after work
as per appointment but he was
not at home

I went to Miss Weisman
delivering the banquet picture
I spent there 2 hours in con-
versation with her,

Later me the manager
of the Success School Mr. Lubow
at the Parkway Restaurant
accidentally, he came over to
my table!

After a brief talk about my
brother in law, he declared he
would drop the whole matter
that he would not sue and
declared the incident closed

--------------

Matt's Notes

So, here ends our subplot about the dastardly Mr. Lebow -- head of the Success School and the very man about whom Papa tried to see his lawyer earlier in the day -- and his mistreatment of Papa's brother-in-law, Phil. Since I have trampled on his memory already, I'll keep it going and assume he only dropped the matter of Phil's tuition (remember, he kicked Phil out of school and tried to collect tuition anyway) because he was drunk, fresh from a visit to an opium den, or feeling flush because he had just burglarized an apartment.

He couldn't have been all bad, though, because he knew where to go for good chopped liver. The Parkway Restaurant, where he ran into Papa, must have been the very Allen Street Roumanian schmalzateria Calvin Trillin pines for in the "Mao and Me" chapter of The Tummy Trilogy. Like Sammy's Roumanian Steakhouse, the only such restaurant I've ever been to, the Parkway is said to have had singing waiters and pitchers of chicken fat on every table, though I expect it didn't strive for such novelty in 1924. Incidentally, the photo Papa brought to Miss Wiesman was from a banquet he attended with her at Greenberg's Roumanian Casino. This means he ate Roumanian food at least twice in the span of two months, making his mere survival until spring something of a miracle¹. Papa finds more ways to win my admiration every day.

Anyway: A trip out to Brooklyn to see his old flame, a happy ending to the Success School Saga, and a nice piece of chicken (or maybe a veal chop) at the Parkway. Not such a bad day for Papa.

-------------

Additional notes:

1 - Quoth Trillin:

The standard line about Romanian-Jewish cooking is usually credited to Zero Mostel, a great fan of the Parkway: "It's killed more Jews than Hitler."

I hope to learn more when I get my hands on another Trillin article from 1974 in which he profiled the Parkway in more detail for the New Yorker. Perhaps it'll reveal if the Parkway Restaurant and the Parkway Palace, which Papa referred to earlier, are one and the same.

-------------

My mother writes:

I still wish I knew more about the elusive Miss Weisman. If she was an old flame and Papa took her to banquets and brought her pictures of their evenings together, why was she still Miss Weisman? Why not Eva or Sally or whatever her first name was? Such formality. Well, she couldn't have been too smart if she didn't see Papa's worth and grab him for herself.

Friday Feb 29/Saturday Mar 1

[1924 was a leap year, so I've published February 29th and March 1 on this page]

Little Ruchaly still seriously ill, which worries me greatly. After listening for some time to the radio. -- I went to Jack Zichlinsky's house where in company of friend I spent until 1:15 a.m
Ruchaly feels slightly better after visiting some Zionist societies in the Evening with friend Louis Bluestone, I spent the rest of the evening at the Cafe Royal where I met many friends until 3:30 a.m. I sent to parents $5.00

---------------

Matt's Notes

Once, around twenty years ago, my mother, grandmother, sister and I were driving around Brooklyn when my grandmother looked at a building and suddenly blurted out "Jack Zichlinsky lived there!" I laughed for about three hours because she really exploded and I had no idea who she was talking about.

Obviously, though, Jack was a good friend of Papa's since at least the 1920's, so they had really been through the ringer together if their lives were at all similar. My mother tells me that, when Papa died in 1971, Jack cried while saying kaddish for him. Jack's tombstone apparently displays the insignia of the Order Sons of Zion (B'nai Zion) the fraternal order to which he and Papa belonged.

Speaking of B'nai Zion, the March 1 post mentions Louis Bluestone, which surprises me because I thought the "Bluestone" Papa has talked about was Dr. Joseph Bluestone, one of the early B'nai Zion leaders (Papa often says "Bluestone" in the same breath as "Blaustein", who was also a B'nai Zion leader). Perhaps Louis was Joseph's brother or son; I'll have to look into it.

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Update March 1

My mother adds:

What was even more funny about the J.Z. story is that every time we passed Sheepshead Bay, Nana would point out his home. It became a dumb family joke.

Thursday Feb 21

Enjoyed dance given by
3rd dist Z.O.A. at the Parkway Palace.

My brother in law received
a summons to court from
the Success School,

My sister came up and
called me to go with her to
the School,

Because I told the School man
twice before that my brother in law
and out of work, he agreed
to teach him English for the
whole term on payments
of $2.00 a week, on account
I gave him the 2nd 5 dollars
I am glad this is off my
head, I will gladly pay for
him every week as he at present
cannot afford it.

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Matt's Notes

I'm not sure where the Parkway Palace or the Third District of the Zionist Organization of America were located, though I'd say any establishment with the word "parkway" in its name was probably in the Bronx. Hopefully I can make it over to the New York Historical Society to look into it a little more...

Of more interest, though, is Papa's description of his brother-in-law Phil's problems with the Success School, which was obviously a vocational or language school catering to immigrants. If it had existed in modern times, it probably would have advertised itself on the subway.

I wonder what the atmosphere was like. Was it a second-floor classroom with a sign in the window and a bunch of typewriters sitting on old school desks? Was it close and stuffy, like the sweatshops its students work in? Maybe Papa's meeting with the "school man" (his English vocabulary must not have included the words "headmaster" or "administrator") took place in a dark hallway or staircase. It could have even happened in the classroom while class was in session -- sounds like the "school man" wanted to get rid of Phil in favor of a full-tuition student, so he might have deliberately made Papa argue right there, thinking he'd be too embarrassed to discuss Phil's discount arrangement in front of other students.

In any event, Papa's sense of duty is once again on display as he forks over $5.00 to keep Phil in class (if a previous commenter on this blog has the conversion right, this would be the equivalent of $60 in 2007, which was probably no small chunk of Papa's salary). My mother says the words "I am glad this is off my head" really jumped out at her because, for Papa, this would have been an over-the-top expression of impatience. But, these are Papa's private thoughts, and if that's as annoyed as he got I'm sure no one noticed.

Phil, by the way, was a Russian immigrant who came to America after his first wife "broke her head," as Phil apparently put it, in a buggy accident. He would outlive three more wives, all of whom, including Papa's sister Nettie, died under strange circumstances. This earned him the nickname "serial killer" among certain members of my family. According to one story, Phil half-jokingly offered to make Papa's other sister Clara his fifth wife when she was around eighty. "No," she replied, "I'm too young to die."

Saturday Jan 12

Slept late, in the evening visited
the K.H. office, the 2nd and 3rd Zionist
Districts and the remainder of the time
about 3 1/2 hours (from 11:30pm to 3:00am) at
the Cafe Royal.

Goldstein introduced me to Dr. Murdoni
the famous dramatic critic, the Dr. M.
told me of a sad experience
while in Siberia on a mission of the
Russian Jewish Relief Comittee during
the war, He met ther 500 Galician
Jews in one place, very religious
old jews and jewesses and children
were forced to live among the
wild Tatars in the villages in
Siberia, where they were forced to go
for no reason whatever, and what
horrible experiences they had to go there.

Only one picture of the Golus

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Matt's Notes

Yesterday Papa talked about escaping to the movies, but today he's got more serious things on his mind. It's interesting to be reminded that, as modern and American as his life seems, he could relate quite closely the dark, almost regressive-sounding world of the Jews in "Dr. M's" story. His life might easily have gone that way and he knows it.

I had a bit of trouble reading a couple of words in this entry. I'm not sure if I got "Dr. Murdoni" right or the word "Golus". Take a look below and see if you think I got them right. Any idea who or what he could be talking about?

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Updates

1/13 - I didn't have much time to poke around when I wrote this yesterday, but a quick Web search today reveals a bit about the term "Golus." "The Golus," as my grandfather uses it, roughly refers to the Diaspora and the plight of Jews in exile. So, when he refers to "Dr. M's" story of Jews being shipped to Siberia as "one picture of the Golus," he means it's one example of Jewish suffering in the absence of a Jewish homeland. The more strident Zionists scorned and sought to eliminate the "golus mentality," which they saw as a tendency for Jews to resign themselves to defeat and abuse.

Papa didn't have a violent bone in his body (my mother tells a story of him reprimanding my cousin for swatting a bee because "even a bee has a right to live") but he must have had a touch of distaste for the image of the "golus Jew," else he wouldn't have pushed to nickname his B'nai Zion lodge "The Maccabeans" after the Jewish warrior heroes of the Hannukah story.

2/4 - I just came across a February 26th article in the New York Times about the Yiddish theater that mentions Cafe Royal. Looks like it was on 2nd Avenue and 12th street and was, according to the article, a hangout for Yiddish actors. My mother adds that "it was a gathering place for 'intelligentsia' to meet, greet and harangue each other. It was very popular back in the day."

4/7 - Ari, an Assistant Professor of American Studies at UC Davis, adds:

...Second Avenue was known as "the Yiddish Rialto" or Yiddish Broadway, as it housed most of the Yiddish theaters in NYC. The Royal was the hangout for artists and intellectuals, who would go there before and after the shows, to debate politics, communism, and whatever they wanted to.

And:

Dr. Murdoni is, in fact, Alexander Mukdoni, a prominent and prolific Yiddish theater critic. Most of his work is rendered in Yiddish, and not much of it is translated, but there should be a good bio out there somewhere. He was quite well-respected and very serious about his criticism, scholarship and journalism.